References :
Youtube,2012.The AlbumenPrint. [online] Available at :< http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq1RvahEPSk >[Accessed 30 October 2013].
Wikipedia,(n.d).Albumen Print.[online] Available at : <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen_print > [Accessed 30 October 2013].
Encyclopaedia Brittanica,2013.Albumen Paper.[online] Available at : < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13139/albumen-paper > [Accessed 30 October 2013].
Aperture - is one of the mechanisms that control the amount of light passing through the lens to the sensor. It is calculated in F-stops. When light levels are high the hole is small (ex. F16) to restrict the amount of light hitting the sensor. On the other hand when light is low a wide aperture (ex. F2.8) is needed in order to allow more light entering the camera.
References:
Picture Correct,2003-2013.What is Aperture in Photography ? [online] Available at : < http://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/what-is-aperture-in-photography/ > [Accessed 23 November 2013].
Digital Photography School, 2006-2013. Introduction to Aperture in Digital Photography.[online] Available at : < http://digital-photography-school.com/aperture > [Accessed 23 November 2013].
Autochrome - was the first practical process for producing colour photographs, which was invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere. They patented it in 1904.
Madeleine and Andrée, niece and daughter of Auguste Lumière, 1910
The process involved applying a layer of fine mixture of dyed potato starch to a glass plate and after inflicting the whole plate to massive pressure. The plate is then coated with a light sensitive silver bromide emulsion. The slide is exposed in the camera and the result is a glass transparency.
References:
Kraszna-Krausz,A.,1978.The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography,Desk Edition, London:Focal Press. [Accessed 28 December 2013].
Antman,M.,2007.The Autochrome:100 Years of Colour Photography.[pdf] The Picture Professional. Available at : <http://theimageworks.com/pdf/100years.pdf> [Accessed 28 December 2013].
Background - is the part of the image that seems to be in the distance. It forms a scene for the main figures or objects.
References:
Farlex,Inc.,2014.Background.[online] Available at : < http://www.thefreedictionary.com/background>[Accessed 19 January 2014].
Calotype – also known as (Talbotype) was the photographic technique invented by British chemist/photographer William Henry Fox Talbot. It was a process for creating photographic negatives, from which numerous prints could be duplicated.The process involved using the best quality paper which was first treated with silver iodide and potassium iodide. After drying and immediately before use, the paper was then soaked in a ‘solution consisting of silver nitrate, acetic acid and gallic acid crystals.’ The paper would be ready to be exposed in the camera. After exposure, the image was developed by washing in gallo-nitrate of silver, rinsed and fixed in hypo, thoroughly washed again and dried.The translucency of the Calotypes could be improved by waxing the back of the paper. More positive images could be duplicated by repeating the same process.
References:
Farlex,Inc.,2014.Background.[online] Available at : < http://www.thefreedictionary.com/background>[Accessed 19 January 2014].
Calotype – also known as (Talbotype) was the photographic technique invented by British chemist/photographer William Henry Fox Talbot. It was a process for creating photographic negatives, from which numerous prints could be duplicated.The process involved using the best quality paper which was first treated with silver iodide and potassium iodide. After drying and immediately before use, the paper was then soaked in a ‘solution consisting of silver nitrate, acetic acid and gallic acid crystals.’ The paper would be ready to be exposed in the camera. After exposure, the image was developed by washing in gallo-nitrate of silver, rinsed and fixed in hypo, thoroughly washed again and dried.The translucency of the Calotypes could be improved by waxing the back of the paper. More positive images could be duplicated by repeating the same process.
References :
Museum of the History of Science,(n.d).Calotypes.[online] Available at:< http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/features/ephotos/ctypes.htm > [Accessed 19 October 2013].
Encyclpaedia Britannica,2013.William Henry Fox Talbot.[online] Available at:< http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581330/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot > [Accessed 19 October 2013].
Edinburgh University,2010.Ethnographic Photography.[online] Available at :< http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/talks/talk_edinburgh_university_2010_02_ethnographic_photography_in_scotland_page_03.htm > [Accessed 19 October 2013].
Kraszna-Krausz,A.,1978.The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography,Desk Edition, London:Focal Press. [Accessed 19 October 2013].
Camera Obscura - which also means "dark room", is an optical equipment where images of external objects are projected through a lens and focused on a screen with the help of the mirror placed at a 45% angle. It was often used by artists to make sketches and drawings.
References:
Greenslade,Thomas B,(n.d).Camera Obscura.[online] Available at : <http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Optics/Camera_Obscura/Camera_Obscura.html> [Accessed 20 December 2013].
Farlex Inc,2013.Camera Obscura.[online] Available at :< http://www.thefreedictionary.com/camera+obscura> [Accessed 20 December 2013].
Cardomania - is the popularity of the invention of the fashionable carte-de-visite. Photographs of prominent persons such as royalty and celebrities were being collected and traded amongst friends and visitors for albums.
References:
Kincaid,T.,2008.Cardomania,Willow manor[blog]22May. Available at: <http://willowmanor.blogspot.com/2010/05/cardomania.html >[Accessed 27 December 2013].
References:
Kincaid,T.,2008.Cardomania,Willow manor[blog]22May. Available at: <http://willowmanor.blogspot.com/2010/05/cardomania.html >[Accessed 27 December 2013].
Composition - is combining relative objects and elements in a work of art, to make it pleasant to the eye. Some of the important elements are the rules of thirds, symmetry and patterns, texture, colour, depth of field, lines and perspective.
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References :
Digital Photography School,2005-2013.5 Elements of Composition in Photography.[online] Available at : < http://digital-photography-school.com/5-elements-of-composition-in-photography> [Accessed 16 November 2013].
National Geographic Society,1996-2013.Simply Beautiful Photos: Composition.[online] Available at :< http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-tips/composition-tips-simply-beautiful-photos/#/commune-mongolia-stanfield_26009_600x450.jpg > [Accessed 16 November 2013].
Photography Mad, (n.d).10 Top Photography Composition Rules.[online] Available at :< http://www.photographymad.com/pages/view/10-top-photography-composition-rules > [Accessed 16 November 2013].
Cyanotype - also known by the term blueprint process was invented by Sir John F. Herschel in 1842. It was the first technology using a solution of iron compounds instead of silver. The simple process consists of mixing potassium ferricyanide and Ferric ammonium citrate (green) with water separately and then blend them together in equal parts.
Cyanotype can be printed on an absorbent material such as paper and textiles while coated with the solution and dried in the dark. It is printed by using Uv light such as the sun, a light box or a uv lamp.
After the exposure the photograph is finished by rinsing it in water and dried.
Cyanotype by the first woman photographer Anna Atkins - Spiraea aruncus (Tyrol)
References :
Alternative photography,(n.d).Cyanotype- the classic process.[online] Available at : <http://www.alternativephotography.com/wp/processes/cyanotype/cyanotype-classic-process > [Accessed 26 October 2013].
Christopherjames-studio.com,(n.d).The Cyanotype Process. [online] Available at : <http://www.christopherjames-studio.com/materials/The%20Book%20of%20Alt%20Photo%20Processes/SAMPLE%20CHAPTERS/CyanotypeProcessSm.pdf> [ Accessed 26 October 2013].
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-2013,Spiraea aruncus(Tyrol). [online] Available at : <http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/285421 > [ Accessed 26 October 2013].
Dadaism - A nihilistic, anti-war art movement (1916-1923) that began in Zürich and Switzerland, then flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and denial of the accepted laws of beauty by producing works marked by nonsense, travesty, and incongruity. Dada was anti-art.
The dadaists developed some art techniques such as collages, assemblages (3d collages), photomontages, and ready-mades.
References:
Suzy,2010.About Dadaism. Applied GraphicDesign.Suzy blog,[blog] 10 December. Available at:< http://liyig90.blogspot.com/2010/12/about-dadaism.html>[Accessed 20 January 2014].
Engraving - is the art of inscribing, edging, cutting or carving something into any material. It could be on steel, metal, wood, paper. Photoengraving is the method of creating graphic material by transferring the image photographically to a plate or another surface, which is then carved for printing.
References:
Farlex,Inc.,2014. Photoengraving.[online] Available at: < http://www.thefreedictionary.com/photoengraving >[Accessed 19 January 2014].
Farlex,Inc.,2014. Engrave.[online] Available at: <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/engrave>[Accessed 19 January 2014].
Exposure - is the quantity of light allowed to reach the photosensitive material,such as film or sensor, controlled by the shutter speed and the size of aperture.
References:
Luck,S.,Freeman,J.,2009-2011.The Illustrated Practical Guide to Digital and Classic Photography,Leicestershire,AnnessPublishing Ltd.[Accessed 22 December 2013].
Foreground - is the part which is nearer to the viewer. The figures or objects are often put in the front to make them more prominent.
References:
Farlex,Inc.,2014. Foreground. [online] Available at :<http://www.thefreedictionary.com/foreground> [Accessed 19 January 2014].
Genre - is a term used to explain different styles, form and content. There are various genres in photography such as landscapes, portraits and nature.
References:
Merriam-Webster,2014.Genre.[online] Available at : <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/genre>[Accessed 19 January 2014].
Heliography - is the process invented by Joseph Niephore Niepce in 1826. The first permanent photograph was taken from the Window in Le Gras. He coated a pewter plate with bitumen of Judea, which hardens when exposed to light. After about 8 hour exposure in the camera obscura, the plate was washed with oil of lavender. The light areas were defined by 'bitumen while the shades by bare metal'. (The Focal Encyclopaedia of Photography page 736).
References:
Wikipedia,Wikitionary,Dict,(n.d).Extensive Definition. [online] Available at: < http://heliography.askdefine.com/ > [Accessed 27 October 2013].
Wikipedia,2013.Heliography.[online] Available at : <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliography > [Accessed 27 October 2013].
Kraszna-Krausz,A.,1978.The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography,Desk Edition, London:Focal Press. [Accessed 19 October 2013].
ISO - which stands to International Standards Organization measures the sensitivity of the sensor or film to available light. The higher the ISO the more sensitive will be the senor or film, hence more grain or 'noise' is added to the image.
References:
Kinetoscope - is an instrument invented by Thomas A Edison and his employee William Dickson, for showing moving pictures without sound. It consists of an upright wooden cabinet where a strip of film passes between a magnifying glass and an electronic lamp. The viewer could see the moving picture from a peephole in the top of the cabinet.
References:
EarlyCinema.com,(n.d).Kinetoscope.[online] Available at :<http://www.earlycinema.com/technology/kinetoscope.html> [Accessed 19 December 2013].
Encyclopaedia Brittanica,2013.Kinetoscope.[online] Available at : <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318211/Kinetoscope> [Accessed 19 December 2013].
Lithography - is a method of printing from a flat surface usually stone or metal plate with a smooth surface. In this process greasy ink is applied to printing areas while non printing areas are moistened with water to repel ink.
References:
Encyclopaedia Brittanica,2013.Lithography.[online] Available at : <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343748/lithography> [Accessed 20 December 2013].
Kraszna-Krausz,A.,1978. The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography,Desk Edition, London:Focal Press. Page 894 [Accessed 20 December 2013].
Negatives - A negative is an image, on a plate or strip of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject represent dark tones and the darkest areas represent the lightest tones.
References:
Farlex,Inc.,2014. Negative (photography).[online]Available at: <http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Photographic+negative>[Accessed 27 January 2014].
Kraszna-Krausz,A.,1978.The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography,Desk Edition, London:Focal Press. Page 994 [Accessed 27 January 2014].
Pictorialism - is one of the first photography movements. It began in the late 1860s. It treated the camera not only as a tool to document and capture the moment but also to create artistic images.
The Art of Photography,2013. Pictorialism.[online] Available at : <http://theartofphotography.tv/episodes/pictorialism/>[Accessed 20January 2014].
References:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-2013. Photography and Surrealism.[online] Available at :< http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm>[Accessed 20 Janaury 2014].
Rayograph - is an image produced without a camera by placing an flat or three-dimensional objects on photosensitive paper and exposing it to light. It can be exposed to several light times until the desired effect is obtained. It is actually called a photogram, and existed since first days of photography, but was more developed by Man Ray during his experimentation with photography in 1921. He renamed it Rayograph.
References:
The Museum of Modern Art,2014. Rayograph.[online] Available at : <http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=46405> [Accessed 27 January 2014].
Farlex,Inc.,2014. Photogram.[online]Available at: <http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Rayograph>[Accessed 27 January 2014].
Surrealism - is a movement that commenced in the early 1920s and which developed from Dada. It was identified by the expressive mixture of weird images and dream elements. Surreal is something beyond the real.
References:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-2013. Photography and Surrealism.[online] Available at :< http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phsr/hd_phsr.htm>[Accessed 20 Janaury 2014].
Texture - emphases the features and details in a surface or a partial object, such as the weave of a fabric.The three important features in order to create an interesting composition are contrast, curves, and patterns. Texture gives character to the object and also a three dimensional look especially with the use of hard lighting from the side.
References:
Bigelow,R.,(n.d). Texture Photography.[online] Available at : < http://www.ronbigelow.com/articles/texture-photography/texture-photography.html >[Accessed 19 January 2014].
Kraszna-Krausz,A.,1978, The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography,Desk Edition, London:Focal Press. [Accessed 19 January 2014].
Translucent - is derived from the latin word translucentem, trans- "through" and lucere "to shine". It lets rays of light to pass but still causing enough diffusion hence, partially transparent.
References:
Wordnik.com,(n.d). Translucent.[online] Available at : <https://www.wordnik.com/words/translucent> [Accessed 27 January 2014].
Dictionary.com,2014.Translucent.[online] Available at : <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/translucent>[Accessed 27 January 2014].
Zoopraxiscope - is the projection device invented by Eadweard Muybridge in 1879. It projected a series of images (which were re-photographed and illustrations of them were drawn and reproduced on glass plates) in sequence which gave the illusion of movement.
References:
National Museum of American History,(n.d).Freeze Frame Eadweard Muybridge's Photography of Motion.[online] Available at : < http://americanhistory.si.edu/muybridge/htm/htm_sec5/sec5p2.htm > [Accessed 28 December 2013].
Vimeo.com,2010.Zoopraxiscope: Setting Time In Motion.[video online] Available at: < http://vimeo.com/13883000 >[Accessed 28 December 2013].
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